Spinal Dysraphism

Spina Bifida:

• Occulta: This is the mildest form of spinal Bifida. In spina bifida occulta, there is a small gap or opening in one or more of the vertebrae. However, the spinal cord and meninges are usually not affected, and there might be no visible signs on the skin. Some individuals with spina bifida occulta might have a tuft of hair, a dimple, or a birthmark over the affected area.

• Meningocele: In this type of spinal dysraphism, a sac-like protrusion filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and covered by a thin layer of skin forms outside the spinal canal. This sac contains meninges but not the spinal cord. Meningoceles are typically visible at birth and might be surgically repaired.

• Myelomeningocele: This is the most severe form of spinal Bifida. In this form, a sac filled with CSF, meninges, and a portion of the spinal cord protrudes through an opening in the vertebrae. This sac is exposed externally and is vulnerable to infection. 

Tethered Spinal Cord: This condition occurs when the spinal cord becomes abnormally attached to surrounding tissues, preventing its normal movement within the spinal canal. Tethered spinal cord can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, sensory changes, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. Surgical release of the tethering might be necessary to prevent further neurological problems.

Diastematomyelia: This is a condition where the spinal cord is split into two separate sections by a bony or fibrous septum. Each section of the cord might function independently, leading to various neurological symptoms. Surgery might be considered to release the septum and alleviate symptoms.

Lipomyelomeningocele: In this condition, fatty tissue attaches to the spinal cord and pulls it downward, leading to a tethered spinal cord. This can cause neurological deficits and might require surgical intervention.

Sacral Agenesis: This rare condition involves the incomplete development of the sacrum (lower part of the spine), often accompanied by abnormalities of the lower spine, pelvis, and lower limbs.

Caudal Regression Syndrome: Also known as sacral agenesis with variable features, this syndrome involves underdevelopment of the lower spine and often affects the lower limbs as well.

Spinal Lipoma: This is a fatty mass within the spinal canal that can cause compression and potential neurological symptoms. Surgical removal might be considered if the lipoma is causing problems.

Scoliosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine that can affect the spinal alignment.